Legislation & Regulation
Legislative and Regulatory Update
January 2019 by Scott Harn
There hasn’t been much coming out of Congress over the past month. A Farm Bill was passed, but most members seem to be waiting for the changes that will occur when new members are sworn in on January 3, 2019.
• Zinke leaving office
Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke is preparing to leave his position as I write this. On December 15, Zinke stated he was departing because incoming members of the House Oversight Committee promised to target him over allegations related to a development deal in Montana and improper spending, and he did not want to be a distraction to President Trump.
Current Interior Department Deputy Secretary David Bernhardt will assume the position on an interim basis. A new Interior Secretary may have already been nominated by the time you receive this issue.
• Property rights triumph over critical habitat says Supreme Court
On November 27, 2018, the US Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the US Department of Interior cannot designate critical habitat for a species when that species does not currently live there.
In 2001, the US Fish and Wildlife Service declared the dusky gopher frog endangered. After the Service was sued by environmental groups, the agency identified critical habitat in 2012 that included 1,544 acres in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, which the Service identified as Conservation Unit 1. The frogs did not occupy this habitat, and had not been seen in the state for 50 years. The property was rich in timber and the owner was leasing a portion of this land to Weyerhauser. While ponds are present on the property, there are no endangered frogs and the property lacks the “forest canopy” necessary for their survival.
The property owner was told he could make changes to his property to make it suitable for the species at his own cost. One alternative proposal from the Service was for the Army Corps to deny a permit if one was requested, which would prohibit the landowner from using 60% of the property. He stood to lose around $34 million if he could no longer lease his property to harvest timber.
The Center for Biological Diversity and the Gulf Restoration Network intervened on behalf of the Service. The landowners, with the exception of Weyerhauser, were represented by the Pacific Legal Foundation.
A lower court ruled against the property owner. The case was heard on appeal by the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals. Four of the five judges agreed with the lower court. However, Judge Priscilla R. Owen, in a dissenting opinion, stated, “...the Service’s position that Unit 1 is ‘essential for the conservation of the species’ is illogical on its face. ...The Government is aware that Unit 1 cannot be used for the conservation of the dusky gopher frog because someone or some entity would have to significantly modify Unit 1 to make it suitable for frog habitat. Unsuitable habitat is not essential for the conservation of the species.”
The 5th Circuit Court denied the request for an en banc (all seventeen judges) hearing even though six judges sided with dissenting Judge Owen. The case was appealed to the US Supreme Court.
The US Supreme Court considered two questions: (1) whether “critical habitat” under the ESA must also be habitat; and (2) whether a federal court may review an agency decision not to exclude a certain area from critical habitat because of the economic impact of such a designation.
In a unanimous opinion, the Court found:
1. An area is eligible for designation as critical habitat under §1533(a)(3)(A)(i) only if it is habitat for the species. That provision, the sole source of authority for critical-habit designations, states that when the Secretary lists a species as endangered he must also “designate any habitat of such species which is then considered to be critical habitat.” It does not authorize the Secretary to designate the area as critical habitat unless it is also habitat for the species. (Emphasis added.)
2. The Secretary’s decision not to exclude an area from critical habitat under §1533(b)(2) is subject to judicial review. (Emphasis added.)
The US Supreme Court decision was 8-0; debate and briefs took place before the appointment of Judge Kavanaugh, so he did not take part in the consideration or decision.
The 5th Circuit Court decision was vacated and remanded for reconsideration in light of the US Supreme Court ruling.
There is one other point I want to highlight. On page 13 of the US Supreme Court opinion, it states:
“Section 4(b)(2) states that the Secretary ‘shall designate critical habitat . . . after taking into consideration the economic impact, the impact on national security, and any other relevant impact, of specifying any particular area as critical habitat...’” (Emphasis added.)
I’ve made numerous trips to Washington, DC, with Clark Pearson of Public Lands for the People (PLP). In fact, we will be returning to DC in January 2019, for another week of talks with influential members of the Senate, Forest Service and EPA. We are continuing to seek regulatory relief for small-scale miners across the United States.
During our previous trips we highlighted the importance of mining in terms of national security. America is completely dependent upon several nations who are not our friends or allies for supplies of critical and strategic minerals and metals and those supplies can be cut off in times of conflict.
As a result of these efforts, along with those of the National Mining Association and American Mining and Exploration Association, critical and strategic minerals and metals were included in the National Defense Authorization Act.
On August 13, 2018, President Donald Trump signed the National Defense Authorization Act, which, for the first time, recognized critical and strategic minerals and metals as an essential part of our national defense.
Clark Pearson of PLP had this to say: “The Supreme Court case reaffirms PLP’s legal and political stance and is a step in the right direction. The case reaffirms property rights rather than placing species over and above our rights. Our goal is to include the miner and mining claims as a matter of national security, whereby the agency must give deference to the needs of the miner over species when a conflict arises.”
Congressman Paul Gosar (R-Arizona), Chairman of the Western Caucus, stated, “The Supreme Court ruling is a victory for the Constitution and private property rights. In an unanimous 8-0 ruling, the Court found the federal government has no authority to lock up private land for species that don’t habitat the land that is being locked up. In doing so, the Court wiped out the unconstitutional Court of Appeals decision and sent the case back to the 5th Circuit with specific instructions. The American people are tired of the land grabs, especially those from the previous administration. The Endangered Species Act is 45 years old and has a 3 percent recovery rate. It is far past time that Congress bring the ESA into the 21st Century, and addressing the numerous issues associated with critical habitat designations is something that should be on the table.”
The case is Weyerhaeuser Company v. US Fish and Wildlife Service, et. al. (US Supreme Court opinion; No. 17-71).
• Waters of the United States
The EPA’s definition of Waters of the United States (WOTUS) has far-reaching implications for mining, ranching, farming, logging and development projects of all kinds.
The Obama Administration expanded the definition from navigable waters to include seasonal streams, ponds and ditches.
An individual Clean Water Act permit takes an average of 788 days to process and costs $271,000 in fees.
Acting EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler proposed December 11 the WOTUS definition will return to its traditional definition under the Trump Administration.
The proposed rule states the following waters will not be under federal jurisdiction:
- Groundwater
- Ephemeral features that diffuse stormwater runoff
- The majority of ditches
- Artificially irrigated areas
- Prior converted cropland
- Artificial lakes and ponds
- Water-filled depressions created incidental to construction or mining and pits excavated for obtaining fill, sand and gravel
- Stormwater control features
- Wastewater recycling structures
- Waste treatment systems
The proposed rule has not yet been published in the Federal Register. Upon publication, the EPA and Army Corps of Engineers will accept comment for sixty days.
The Obama-era WOTUS rule was being enforced differently depending upon the jurisdiction of two separate district courts that reached differing opinions in court challenges. The proposed rule should restore clarity while still providing protection for our nation’s waters.
“The agency’s proposal would replace the 2015 definition with a clearer and easier to understand definition that will result in significant cost savings, protect the nation’s navigable waterways, and reduce barriers to important economic and environmental projects,” said Acting EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler. “It would end years of uncertainty over where federal jurisdiction begins and ends. It would help a landowner understand whether a project on his or her property will require a federal permit or not without spending thousands of dollars on engineering and legal professionals.”
MMAC Update
Within these districts, some of the roads and trails have been reopened for access, critical habitat designations have been scaled back, and a few Mining Districts were completely removed from proposed withdrawals.
BLM Cancels 10-Million-Acre Sage Grouse Mineral Withdrawal
The very way it was done at the time didn’t give one much confidence in the objectivity and honesty of the BLM study.
Lawsuit Update From the New 49'ers
Many of you are aware that we have been engaged in litigation with anti-mining activists that have been attacking us through the Karuk Tribe of California since 2003. It all started with their lawsuit against the US Forest Service (USFS), challenging that District Rangers do not have the authority to allow small-scale mining activities under a Notice of Intent (NOI) when the Ranger concludes that the mining activity is not likely to create a substantial surface disturbance.
The Disappearance of State Mining Departments
Unfortunately, mining is politically unpopular and support of the mining industry, no matter how many jobs it brings to a state, even in times of difficult financial need, is never popular among politicians of any stripe.
New Mining Regulations in Maine
Renewed interest in mining of gold, silver, copper and other metals in Aroostook County's Bald Mountain triggered 2012 legislation requiring the overhaul of the state's two-decade-old mining regulations.
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