All Articles
Legislative and Regulatory Update
August 2006 by Scott Harn
• Supreme Court muddies waterways
On June 19, 2006, the US Supreme Court muddied the waters even further when it comes to deciding whether or not the Army Corps of Engineers has jurisdiction over wetlands that are some distance from navigable bodies of water.
The Clean Water Act was established in 1972 and amended in 1977. It gives authority to the Army Corps of Engineers to regulate the dumping of fill material into the “navigable waters of the United States.”
Over the years, the Corps has extended its reach by attempting to regulate any body of water, including isolated ponds, seasonal washes and irrigation ditches.
In this latest case, the Supreme Court combined two Michigan cases in which the appeals court already ruled against both parties.
The lead case was Rapanos v. United States. Rapanos cleared and filled three parcels that the Corps claims should be regulated as wetlands and are subject to a Clean Water Act permit.
Rapanos was convicted of violating the Act. The Supreme Court denied a review of the case in 2004. The Corps sought several million dollars in fines in a separate civil case, and this is the case the Supreme Court accepted for review.
Rapanos’ property is 20 miles from the nearest navigable waterway, but the Corps maintains that the property is within the drainage system of Lake Huron and two navigable rivers.
The second case, Carabell v. United Stated Army Corps of Engineers, has been combined under the Rapanos case number. The Carabells wanted to fill a portion of their property to build a condominium complex, but the Corps denied them a permit.
Both cases challenged the jurisdiction of the Corps.
Four Justices (Scalia, Roberts, Thomas, Alito) said the Corps had overstepped its authority. Scalia wrote the opinion, stating the Corps acted “beyond parody” by regulating land that contained nothing but storm sewers, drainage ditches and “dry arroyos in the middle of the desert.”
Scalia said the only wetlands subject to federal jurisdiction are those that have “a continuous surface connection” to a navigable waterway and these wetlands must be “relatively permanent, standing or flowing.”
Four Justices (Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer) sided with the Corps, going so far as to say that the Scalia group is antagonistic towards environmentalism.
Justice Kennedy did not clearly take either side. While he did remand the case back to the appeals court along with the Scalia group, his opinion was cloudy at best.
Justice Kennedy said the Corps needed to be more specific in defining the tributaries that demonstrate a “significant nexus” to navigable waterways. He said it needed to identify those “categories of tributaries” that were “significant enough that wetlands adjacent to them are likely, in the majority of cases, to perform important functions for an aquatic system incorporating navigable waters.”
The Corps may now try their hand at establishing new rules to incorporate Kennedy’s “significant nexus” test.
The Pacific Legal Foundation, which represented Rapanos, is claiming a win.
“Today’s decision is a victory for balanced environmental protection—common sense and the rule of law have prevailed,” said Reed Hopper, a principal attorney for Pacific Legal Foundation. “The Court rejected the idea that there are no limits on the federal government’s regulatory authority under the Clean Water Act. It is not the role of the federal government to micromanage every pond, puddle, and ditch in our country.”
“This case was about the abuse of the law by federal agencies,” Hopper said. “It was never about clean water.”
The case is Rapanos v. United States, No. 04-1034.
Legislative and Regulatory Update
• Conformation for some
• Congress canceling regulations
IBLA Limits Patent to Mineral Rights in Wild & Scenic River Corridors
The following was excerpted from a published decision of Interior Department Office of Hearings and Appeals
Mining: Doing it Right the First Time
Governor Frank Murkowski’s blueprint for a prosperous Alaska has a solid foundation of resource, energy and economic development and “doing it right the first time.” Hiring Alaskans is our number one priority because every good job also means good schools and communities for Alaska families.
Understanding Hard Rock Mining: Terms and Methods—Part II
A better understanding of hard rock mining methods and knowing a little about how these mines work can help the individual prospector to understand reports and stories about both modern and historic mine operations.
Our Readers Say
Comments Regarding our Gold Prospecting and Mining Summit in mid-May...
"What you did for us was very special...."
"Your patience with all of us is to be commended..."
"I learned a lot and hope to be back again next year...."
Hard Rock University: Expensive Hobby or Real Business?
Improper sampling techniques lead to more avoidable heartache than almost anything else in micro mining.
What Is Incidental Fallback?
Subscription Required:
The Bawl Mill
• Microbes Play Role in Gold Creation
• Osisko Exploration: Redeveloping the Historic Malartic Mining Camp
• Prospecting at Moore Creek
• The Small Hardrock Mill—Part II
• The Treasure Detective—Part II
• 2006 National Mining Hall of Fame Inductees
• The Fairbanks Goldfields
• Elections May Bring Rush to Republic of Congo
• Melman on Gold & Silver
Free:
